1.
is elementary introduction to a study beyond the etymological meaning of what a constitution, and so in this study we find the true essence of what a constitution, the elements that make up, their purpose, their characteristics, types of constitutions that exist, to whom and for what purpose are developed; and a more concrete approach to the analysis of the origins of our constitution of 1917.
The Constitution of a country is of paramount importance to its existence. The Constitution gives the organization of a State, unasociedad. Without the existence of a constitution, the state could not form as such, hence the importance of analyzing the most important aspects of a constitution. Constitution
The concept has been discussed since Aristotle, in ancient Greece, so we can see that for many centuries it has been necessary for man to establish the organization of a state, because without a constitution, devoid of the elements necessary for the survival of unasociedad.
2. The Constitution
1. Concept of Constitution.
Constitution .- fundamental law, written or otherwise, of a sovereign state, established or accepted as a guide for its governance. The constitution sets loslímites and defines the relations between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, thus setting the stage for his government. It also ensures the people certain rights. Most countries have a written constitution. Concept
Constitution as Hans Kelsen.
Constitution For Kelsen the word has two meanings, a sense logical-legal and legal-positive sense.
According to Kelsen, the Constitution in its logical and legal sense, is the fundamental law or basic hypothesis, which is not unprocedimiento created under legal and, therefore, is not a positive norm, because no one has regulated and that is not the product of a legal framework is only a basic budget. Indeed, from this hypothesis is to shape the legal order, the content is subordinated to the fundamental rule on which lies the validity of rules that constitute the legal system.
On the other hand, a constitution in the legal sense-positive, based on the logical-legal concept, because the Constitution is a course that gives validity to the legal system as a whole, and fundamental rule rests the whole legal system. In this concept, the Constitution is no longer an assumption, is a conception of a different nature, is a rule set, not assumed. The Constitution in this sense comes as a level immediately below that of the Constitution in its logical and legal sense.
According to Kelsen the Constitution can be seen in two ways: in a material sense and in a formal sense.
in its material sense is constituted by the provisions governing the establishment of general principles and, especially, the creation of laws. In addition to the standard regulation creates other legal standards, and procedures for the creation of a legal, also from the material point of view, the Constitution provides a higher state bodies and their powers. Another element that contains material that concept are the relations of men with their own state power and fundamental human rights. The Constitution in a material sense as it implies, the contents of a constitution.
The Constitution in its material sense has three contents: the process of creation of general legal norms, rules relating to State bodies and their powers and relationships of men with state control.
The Constitution in a formal sense, says Kelsen, "is a solemn document, a set of legal rules may be amended only by complying with specific requirements, which aims to impede the modification of such standards. Formal sense of the Constitution is the supreme legal document. There is a distinction between ordinary laws and constitutional laws, that is, there are rules for their creation and modification through a special procedure other than doomed to reform the common law or secondary legislation. Concept
Constitution as Ferdinand Lassalle. Ferdinand Lassalle
set out to find the essence of a constitution, from realistic analysis. Defines the Constitution as the result of the sum of the real factors of power. So what should be reflected in a constitutional regime are the aspirations of social and political forces of a State. To Ferdinand Lassalle
would not be such a constitution, if it does not reflect the political reality of a State, with it, we would point out that a constitution reflects the reality. Every regime has a number of sheets of paper on which are inscribed the fundamental principles governing the functioning of the state, around which binds its people, the supreme legal document that states the structure and functioning of the state, around which binds its people, the legal document supreme says the structure and functioning of the life of the state, would only be a piece of paper, if not correspond to reality
Ferdinand Lassalle says there are two types of constitutions: the real and the formal constitution. The first is effective because it is the expression of the real factors of power, and the other, is merely a sheet of paper. While there is a Constitution that strictly speaking is very real, loideal effect is to keep its essential principles. Currently in Mexico, given the composition of forces within the Congress, our Constitution has sought increasingly identified with the changes taking place in our society.
Concept
others
Constitution .- The great thinker Aristotle Aristotle, not only had an impact on the philosophy and methodology of logic and ethics, but also in shaping political science and the first conception it had many political definitions, evidently in his work we find a typology of the Constitution. Aristotle technically referred to a typology of the Constitution, but never formulated a systematic theory about it, never intended to codify in a scientific manner consistent study of the Constitution.
However, Aristotle had a vision of the Constitution in the following aspects: a) You can study the Constitution as a reality, from this viewpoint is the happening of community life is the life of society and state, the existence of a community harmonized or political organizations; b) The Constitution is an organization, in this sense refers to how to organize the political ways of reality; c) You can study the Constitution as ferenda, that is, all governments should analyze what is the best constitution for a state, lasmejores forms, under which, the state is best organized to accomplish its purposes, for purposes of the community.
Aristotle, in the analysis of policy types, reaches a conclusion: neither the monarchy nor the oligarchies, democracies are not good, but the best constitutions are those that are mixed or combined those with aristocratic elements, monarchical and democratic. Karl
Loeweinstein .- Great constitutionalist, is one of the great realists of the study of constitutional law in the contemporary era. States that in every society there is a real or ontological constitution. Ontological constitution is the being of every society is the real social culture, the behaviors are recognized, are the political principles in which each community is based, and formalized in a written constitution. Georges Burdeau
.- For him, a constitution is the status of political power in state institutions become. The Constitution is the institutionalization of power. Maurice
Hauriou .- says the Constitution is a set of rules on government and community life. The Constitution of a State, is a set of rules that are related to government and state community life. Jorge Carpizo .-
gives a clear description of the Constitution, theories, positions and currents that have been around it. In addition to this major contribution also examines the concept from different angles, and tells us that the word constitution, as such, is a word that has many meanings, is a word-many.
So when there is some order that allows facts to be made between rulers and ruled there Constitution. Puedecontemplar said that the Constitution from different angles, from the economic angle, sociological, political, historical and legal, and from the legal point of view, we see the life standards of a country, and that constitutional law is the structure of performance State.
A constitution is a dialectic between being and should be, the Constitution of a country is dynamic, ongoing duel between being and should be, an ongoing duel between the law and reality. The standard can go beyond reality, forcing it to make it fit, but with a limit: do not try to violate the reality of anything that violates the dignity, freedom and human equality. Carpizo
said that the Constitution can be viewed from two angles, as a material constitution and as a formal constitution. The Constitution will be the content of material that we men have rights against the State, the organization, powers and responsibilities are in the Constitution, is the subject matter of the Constitution. From the point Formally, is the document where these constitutional rules, which can only be modified by a special procedure.
3. Classification of Constitutions.
According to its legal formulation.
This is a traditional classification, under which is known as written constitutions and unwritten
written Constitution: document that embodies the fundamental principles upon which rests the organization, boundaries and powers of the State as well as duties and rights of individuals, is the specific text that contains all or almost all of the basic rules.
unwritten constitution: also called customary constitution, there is no specific text that contains all or almost all of the basic rules. Regarding this classification
Esmein considers that a written constitution is preferable to one that is not written or customary, because a written constitution allows for greater legal certainty and legal technical advantages granted, since it is known more precisely which rules constitutional and which are not, and provides greater benefits because it is easier to locate the nest and the unity of the legal system under a written constitution, because it will automatically be placed in the top that legal and constitutional document, since it will cry the other institutions of legal character.
From Esmein thought completed three advantages of written constitutions:
The superiority of the law written on the custom, which was recognized in the late eighteenth century, since then, there was the need for a range than constitutional rules.
Also from the eighteenth century is important to recognize the social pact involving a constitution dictated by national sovereignty, which is interesting from the standpoint of the legitimacy of the legal principles arising from national sovereignty.
In a written Constitution is greater clarity and precision with regard to constitutional content and that of course, eliminates confusion, and therefore obviously a contrario in an unwritten constitution, it is easier to ambiguity about what standards should be considered constitutional. According
reform. According to his reformist
constitutions are classified into rigid and flexible. Rigid constitutions are those that require special and complex procedure for reform, that is, the procedures for the establishment, alteration or addition of constitutional law is different and more complex procedures ordinary laws.
The Constitution of the United Mexican States which states in Article 135 a more complex procedure than the regular process of creation and legal reform. For the proper analysis should observe the provisions of Articles 71 and 72 of the Constitution in respect of ordinary laws, and compare the mechanism that is available with regard to constitutional reforms, to which must be taken to Article 135 in which a procedure is established through these two chambers, the procedure 135 also mandates that it and two-thirds vote of members present in each chamber, is obtained after the approval of most state legislatures, and with this, it is clear that the procedure is more complex. In practice
written constitutions are also rigid constitutions, that is, when a State found that there is a written Constitution, we find that it has a more complex reform or additions to the procedure for the establishment, alteration or addition of a law ordinary.
Depending on their origin.
can be:
Granted .- granted constitutions states that are traditionally a monarchical state, where the sovereign itself is given precisely who that is, are those in which the monarch, in his capacity as holder of the sovereignty, gives the people. In this case, part of the following premises: a) from the perspective of the monarch, is he who gives as the repository of sovereignty, b) is a relation between the holder of sovereignty-monarch and the people receiver who is simply stating what the monarch, c) is a constitution in which rights are recognized for their subjects. Imposed
.- The constitution imposed by Parliament requires the monarch, referring broadly to Parliament, which is referred to larepresentación of the political forces of society in a state of real groups power in a state that is configured in a body called Parliament. In this type of constitution, is the representation of society that imposes a series of letters, determinations or policies deCarta to the king, and he has them to accept. Therefore, absent in the case of constitutions imposed, active participation of society representation in key political decisions.
agreed agreed constitutions .- In the first idea you have is a consensus. Nobody gives unilaterally, nor were imposed because if they are imposed and are agreed not lack a framework of legitimacy. These constitutions are multilateral, and that whatever is agreed will mean two or more agents, therefore, are contractual and are said to stem from the social contract theory. Thus, we can agree among regions, among provinces, between revolutionary factions, etc.
agreed or contractual constitutions involve: first, greater political developments in those that are imposed or granted, and second, in the agreed there is a strong influence of the social contract theory, third, those that are agreed upon this covenant or consensus can be given between various political actors, all those real power groups that are recognized by the State. Thus, even for a monarchy, when it is agreed the governed no longer subjects.
By the will of popular sovereignty .- is when the source of the constitutional document is their society, which usually manifests itself through an assembly. Therefore, it is not that the Company negotiated with the holders of public power, but the Constitution itself arises from the social force.
4. Background of the constitutions in the world.
Its origin is found in ancient Greece who had the conviction that the political community is governed by law.
was Aristotle who developed the concept of constitution. For him there were three good forms of government: monarchy, an solohombre government, aristocracy government by the best and moderate-democracy government of many. Their degradation would result respectively: tyranny, oligarchy and democracy exaggerated.
The best form of government, constitution, would be one that combines elements of the first three so that each class of citizens have guaranteed their rights and accept their responsibilities for the common good. Another
Aristotelian principle, still in force, states that governments are accountable to the governed and that all men are equal before the law. Only thing to remember that sense of equality Aristotle applied it only among free men since slavery admitted.
When Christianity became predominant religion in the conception defended monarchical government, as in recent years delImperio Romano, Augustine postulated that the earth constitutions should respond where possible to model the city of God, which was interpreted as the concentration of power in a single sovereign. This thesis was developed during the Middle Ages and it was postulated that the king received his mandate from God, a concept that formed the basis of absolute monarchy.
The theoretical foundations of constitutionalism developed on social contract theories in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu and John Jacques Rousseau.
These theories led to the liberal doctrine contrary to absolutism. The liberal doctrine proposed changes in the form of government and defended the political rights of citizens.
The social contract of individuals ceded absolute freedom that characterizes the state of nature to be assured that it provided a sovereign government accepted. For Hobbes's sovereignty should concentrate on a single individual, while Rousseau referred to the general will.
Locke established the division of powers within the government and was the one most influential one in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States and the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen in France made a late eighteenth century.
constitutional experience of France, Britain and the United States was instrumental in the development of liberal thought in the nineteenth century, during which constitutions were enacted in most European countries and America.
worth noting that the constitutions of the nineteenth century tended to be brief and contain only basic standards. Since the first World War, but was more frequent in the Constitution include various principles concerning social, economic and political issues that previously were referred to the ordinary laws.
5. Background and historical context the Constitution of the United Mexican States.
liberal ideas in Europe became an instrument of struggle for nineteenth-century revolutionaries, who fought against the absolute rule of kings or against foreign domination.
In this context of liberal doctrine, inspired by the independence of Mexico and other Latin American countries of Spain, José María Morelos y Pavón in 1814 enacted the Constitution of Apatzingan which reflects the principles of equality, popular sovereignty and separation of powers.
As a free country, in Mexico are like constitutions that preceded the 1917: the 1824 and 1857.
Recalling that our independence war ended in 1821 and three years later in 1824, representatives of the nation tendenciaconservadora, meeting in Constitutional Convention, proclaimed the first Supreme Law of the Country: The Constitution of the United Mexican States that was in force for just over 30 years.
In 1854, the Liberals moved to preserve and promote the development of new laws and so in 1857 he released the nuevaConstitución Policy. That same year he entered into force, despite the disagreement of the conservatives, those who ignored and took up arms.
Main provisions of the Constitution promulgated on October 4, 1824. Establishment
Federal Republic form of government, as a Representative, Federal People.
A republican government, consisting of legislative, executive and judicial.
Executive power is vested in a President and a Vice-President, elected every four years.
Main provisions of the liberal constitution promulgated on February 5, 1857.
Mexico was established as a Republic, Representative, People's Federal.
adopted the principle of separation of powers.
are recognized Teaching and Freedoms guarantees freedom, property, security and Popular Sovereignty.
Events after the enactment of the Constitution of 1857. Benito Juárez
ruled from 1858 to 1872, the year of his death, after Porfirio Diaz who came to power.
So the time known as Porfiriato covers the period between 1876 and 1911. This stage is characterized by the suppression of freedoms and a government that did not respect the law. Peasants, indigenous groups and other popular sectors were in misery, while a few Mexicans and foreigners owned the country's wealth. Under these conditions
born Mexican Revolution in 1910 which demanded Madero:
Obedience constitutional laws of 1857 and respect the vote of the city. After the Revolution
1910, Mexico needed to strengthen its political system and its institutions were badly damaged by this conflict and was required to ensure safety of goods and people. As far as the constitutional president, Venustiano Carranza, the Constitution promulgated on 5 February 1917 in the city of Queretaro.
is important to note that a group of deputies wanted major changes in existing laws to transform sociedadmexicana. But other deputies representing citizens landowners, wealthy merchants and landowners opposed to the changes.
In congressional hearings discussed the proposals from different groups Members who promoted the inclusion of the demands of popular sectors in the charter to convince a majority of representatives.
Hence the social and democratic character that keeps our Constitution.
6. Constituent Power
This is one of the issues that the doctrine has developed more emphasis mythology. In particular, the findings offered by Carl Schmitt are present in each treatise with a few other variations. The author referred to explain the nature and permanence of the legislature, susceptible subjects of ownership and the act and the activities that mean.
The nature of the constituent power.
Schmitt said that the Constituent Power is the political will or authority whose force is capable of making the decision to set specific about where and how the political existence of a state. Expresses that "the constituent power is unitary and indivisible, and that translates into a more coordinated with others to different 'powers' (legislative, executive and judicial). Is the base which covers the other branches and divisions of powers .
He claims also that the constituent power remains after the issuance of the Constitution because it involved a political decision can not reobrar against the property holder of the constituent power and destroy his political existence, therefore, beside and above the Constitution still exists that will.
The ownership of the constituent power.
In the same vein, Schmitt said that all the constituent has an owner. Thus, according to the medieval conception only God has a "potestas constituens" after the French Revolution, Sieyès developed the theory of the nation as a subject of the legislature and the restoration of the monarchy the king regained ownership of the legislature. Not disqualify the possibility that a minority can be the owner and, in this case, recognizes that the State will appear as an aristocratic or oligarchic form. The
activity of the constituent power.
also ensures that the Constitution in a positive direction arises through an act of constituent power that does not contain any normación, for a single moment of decision refers to the entire political unity considered as a particular form of existence, ie ladeterminación aware of the specific form of joint which decide to pronounce or political unity. Mean that the Constitution is a conscious decision that the political unity through the holder of the legislature, takes itself and for itself. For this reason the Constitution applies to the extent that it is an expression of political will that that gives the people in democracy and the true king in the monarchy.
The activity of the legislature, therefore, is bound to a procedure, and for the people, "says Schmitt, the constituent power is manifested by any recognizable expression of the immediate will of a whole through the facts, or that is, social aquellasevidencias involving a fundamental yes or no as a manifestation of the people. Recognize, too, that in modern democracies there are instruments capable of expressing this desire: an assembly and dispatches agree normaciones legal-constitutional assembly that projects a the same standards but require approval of citizens through referendum or other form of confirmation, the participation of states in the adoption of the federal Constitution, and the general referendum on a proposal.
From Carl Schmitt's ideas have developed similar concepts on the constituent power, attributing to other features:
Felipe Tena Ramírez .- states: "if, as we have seen the bodies to receive their endowment and their powers a power greater than themselves, as is the Constitution, that means that the author of the constitution must be different and stand above the political will of the organs. The doctrine means the first with the name of the constituent and constituted powers flames seconds. Ignacio Burgoa Orihuela
.- This treatise states that "the constituent power is a power seeks to establish a constitutional order, or fundamental legal structure of diverse content and mutable within which to organize a people or nation, his life is channeled rules the same and many different individual and collective relationships that arise from their own development. "
Jorge Carpizo .- In a similar vein to that of Schmitt, asserts that democracy is the constituent power and can only be the people, that congresoconstituyente is an assembly elected by the people to draft and enact the Constitution while that the Assembly plans drawn unproyecto Constitution so that the people will approve or disqualify, also attributed to the constituent the following characteristics: it is originating; is creator of all the legal order, in principle, is unlimited, its function is to issue the Constitution and does not govern.
The constituent power from a sociological perspective.
The constitutional rule and constitutions are mandates governing the conduct of men in society, the latter are created by the bodies and in accordance with the procedures identified in the first but it can be created by a man or an assembly of men, with the people participating, outside it and even about it.
If you want to call the constitutional power to the author of the Constitution, we must conclude that it is always a man, an assembly or meeting with citizen participation. However, the fact is that the first rule is determined by social forces or vigorous; forces and groups that do not necessarily respond to the interests of the majority population, but always determine the ideological and political content of the Constitution, law and State. Only in the sociological perspective is possible to speak of the legislature, and its legitimacy depends on a social force that responds to the values \u200b\u200band interests of the strongest groups in the evolving social structure. From the strictly legal perspective, the validity of the Constitution depends on how you reach positivization, from the sociological and political perspective, the legitimacy of the fundamental rule will depend on the person or the assembly that the occurrence is recognized by most social the entidadapta to do so, moreover, that the content of the Constitution is consistent with the ideology and values \u200b\u200bprevailing in society.
From the conception of Schmitt, and writers who come to their ideas, we might conclude that if it is necessary to affirm the existence of the constituent power is not a legal term but sociological and, ultimately, say that it is, as stated Burgoa-social reality as a whole, expressed through the most vigorous. Only then can we explain the existence of the constituent power in common law systems, where the constitutions are the product of everyday life where there is no ad-hoc meeting that the issue and usually the people not participating via referendum or plebiscite because also in these systems are the predominant social forces that determine the creation and content of the rules that organize the State and define the validity of the legal order.
The constituent body from a legal perspective
Under the ideas explained, it is legally unacceptable to speak of a constituent power. In any case, from the standpoint of constitutional law, we can express that there is a properly defined constitutional authority when it comes to the individual, the assembly or the assembly with the people, who issued a solemn and formal constitution in the systems of written law for example the 1917 Constitution and in the common law, a permanent constitutional body (parliament, the king, judges, etc..) which over time forms the Constitution (constitutional rule).
Overview of the Constitution of the United Mexican States, 1917
Name: Constitution United Mexican States.
Approval Date: January 31, 1917
Enactment Date: February 5 1917 enactment
Location: City of Querétaro
Issued: Constituent Congress
Official Publication: Official Journal of the Federation
Number of items: 136 Number
modifications: 376
The Mexican Constitution has undergone 376 modifications in its 84 year existence.
A total of 98 articles, of the 136 that has been modified.
The Article 73 which deals with the powers of Congress, has been changed 41 times, once every two years on average.
Freedom of expression democracy, respect for constitutional law and voting were the main reasons why the Mexican people fought against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz and against the illegitimate government of Victoriano Huerta.
The Spirit of the Constitution of 1917 is found in three articles that reflect the three main social demands of the Mexican:
Article 3, Article 27
education, the distribution of land
Article 123, the labor protection
Article 3.
For a long time, only the wealthy classes were educated. Most people, peasants and workers, uneducated Elementary: could not read or write. This placed them in a social situation at a great disadvantage against the enlightened groups, government employees and large landowners.
For these reasons, the right to education became one of the main demands of the popular sectors. The Constitutional Congress of 1916-1917 discussed the inclusion of this right in the Constitution and adopted the Clause 3, which refers to:
The education provided in government and private schools will be secular, that is, outside any doctrine religious.
primary education taught in public schools is free.
The Clause 3 was amended in 1934, it was established that the education provided by the State would have a socialist character and one of its purposes was to combat bigotry and prejudice.
In 1940 this article was amended to restore the principles established by the Constitution of 1917 and to add the features of integral education, national, secular, democratic and scientific. In 1993, another reform established that the primary and secondary education are compulsory.
Article 27.
Article 27, the distribution of land. The country's independence did not introduce major changes to the land. The remains of land from peasants continued, now by the estate owners.
requests that the peasants made to public authorities to acknowledge their ownership of their land but were unsuccessful, on the contrary, farmers were supported by the government to rob the people and communities.
The Constitution of 1917 included article 27 in order to solve the problem of land ownership and deal with complaints of rural communities and ethnic groups. The main provisions of Article 27 of the Constitution was drafted and approved in 1917 include:
Ownership of land and water originally under the nation, the government will issue appropriate action for distribution and storage.
The nation is responsible for the domination and exploitation of natural resources.
be declared void all assignments and land expropriations carried out illegally.
estates are prohibited in Mexico, among others.
Article 123. Article 123
labor protection. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the working conditions were extremely unfavorable to the workers of the city and country: low wages, exhausting days, lack of rights, among other problems.
The Article 123 was introduced in the 1917 Constitution to regulate the relations between workers and owners of businesses. The Article 123 major achievements are:
maximum working eight hours.
Prohibition of working children under twelve years.
Payment of wages in legal circulating currency.
The 1917 Constitution, in general, but particularly in Articles 27 and 123, represent the culmination of the historical process of struggle for rights laconquista for the Mexican people.
This is how the new Constitution gave the state direct intervention to defend the interests of worker and employer class. Also freed the peasants from the bondage of the estate and estates, giving the land as a right.
7. Conclusion
We concluded that a constitution should be undertaken with the aim of establishing different points of assurance regarding the respective interests of the members of a social community among which we mention the roles of the branches of government, its activity, as well as individual rights and constitutional guarantees that he should recognize citizens.
We also saw that the Constitution of the United Mexican States, is a constitution written order that amendment requires a special process by certain organs of state, although that is a written law can not be regarded as a paper it is written many words and not met, but is the same social need that gives rise to these standards are created and renovated to its proper functioning.
The constituent power must rest with the people themselves who must express their will under a well-organized conference in charge of collecting these needs in order to reform and make laws under a good study of these, for better coexistence between members of a society.
As companies are constantly evolving, there is a need to study the draft legislation, to make appropriate and necessary reforms so that this continues to date with what is happening in society and not just force, a constitution that actually transforms actually for the people, that does not contradict the reality of things and it is kept under a specialized process to consider each step as the function for which it was created.
8. Bibliography
Constitutional Law. Sánchez Bringas, Enrique. Editorial Porrua, Mexico DF, 1999, Fourth Edition.
Lessons of Constitutional Law. Quiroz Acosta, Enrique. Editorial Porrua, Mexico DF, 1999, First Edition.
Constitutional Studies. Carpizo, Jorge. Editorial Porrua, Mexico DF, 1999, Seventh Edition.
Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. Microsoft Corporation. Http://www.ceo.udg.mx/QUE_ES_CEO/Escuela
Author: Maria Fernanda Velasco Enríquez
mafevel [at] hotmail.com
Education: Currently enrolled in the third semester of law Juárez University of Durango State, Mexico
Date of work : December 4, 2002
Title: The Constitution
Category: Law
Summary: The Constitution, the concept of constitution, classification of constitutions, history of the constitutions in the world, history and historical context of the Constitution of the United States Mexico, the constituent power, general information on the Constitution U.S.
Mexico of 1917, Articles 3, 27 and 123 of the Constitution.
