With the fall of Iturbide had begun to spend the conflicts between the current federalist-republican and democratic inspiration, and central defender monarchical privileges. The political conflict flared between the constitution of 1824 instituted the office of President Republic for those who prove winner in voting, and the vanquished vice president, leading to numerous clashes between federalists and centralist.
That was a time of rebellion and dismissals presidential election nullification and interim president that included Manuel Gómez Pedraza, Vicente Guerrero, Anastasio Bustamante, Antonio López de Santa Anna and Valentin Gomez Farias, among others.
In January 1835, with Santa Anna in the presidency by second occasion, the Congress, most conservative centralist, began developing the basis for a new constitution, known as The Seven Laws , which would end the federal system. The first law was enacted in December 1835, the second in April 1836 and the other in December of that year. [6]
With this system the country was divided into departments , these districts and Match districts. Among other provisions, set the presidential term of eight years and established a Conservative Supreme Power, responsible only to God, empowered to declare invalidity of a law or decree, the inability physical or moral President of the Republic, and the closure of Congress.
The internal strife between federalist and centralist Liberal Party Conservative Party did not cease. Also hit the country the separation of Texas, in 1840 an attempt was made to proclaim the independence of Yucatán, the threat of foreign invasion, popular discontent with the arbitrariness of Santa Anna and the chance to try it establish a constitutional monarchy.
In April 1842 the Congress formulated a project for a new constitution in which the deputy Mariano Otero proposed a republican government, representative, popular, and federal as well as a system representation of minorities which caused great discontent conservative faction which resulted in several clashes, as Congress was dissolved. Only until June 1843 passed a new Magna Charter, called Organic Bases Mexico.
These bases, which were only into force three years, reiterated the country's independence, the political organization Centralist Republic and abolished the supreme power that was leading Conservative Santa Anna himself. It established the death penalty and restricted press freedom of , confirming that the country protected and professed the Catholic religion.
The election of representatives was indirect, that is, they divided the sections population of 500 inhabitants , they will choose a primary voter, voters named this side, which were Electoral College, which in turn elected the members Congress. The executive had a right shown veto laws. In full
war with the U.S., the country divided into opposing political groups and to surveys for re-enforce the constitutional arrangements of federalism the May 10, 1847, in Constituent Extraordinary Congress approved the Articles of Incorporation and Amendments. Thus federalism was restored, formally since the Constitution of 24 had replaced the centralist constitution known as Organic Bases since August 1846, but with various modifications to avoid falling back into political conflict. For example, contemplated that the legislative, executive and judiciary "can and should only do what the Constitution provides as power and imposed as an obligation."
The Reform Charter and established individual rights for all inhabitants of the Republic, abolished the office of vice president and adopted direct elections for deputies, senators , President and members of the Supreme Court. In addition, empowered Congress to override state laws that implied a violation of the federal agreement, and implemented the rights of petition and under [7].
After revolutionary movement led by Juan Alvarez, which ended with the signing of Ayutla Plan, in which the government is unaware of Santa Anna, was called an Extraordinary Congress, meeting in the city of Mexico in February 1856.
A year later, on February 5, 1857, was approved or certified the new constitution by the constituent congress and President Ignacio Comonfort.
"The rights of man are the base and the object of social institutions, "the Constitution, and its precepts emphasize the maintenance of federalism, the abolition of slavery the freedoms of work of property of expression of ideas, press, association, petition and trade . Similarly, states that are citizens entitled to vote all Mexican men who are 18 years if married 21 if not.
The new constitution failed to stabilize the country. Comonfort himself ignored a months after enactment, to join the rebellion of Ignacio Zuloaga, to a coup and jailing several people, including Benito Juarez, then president of the Supreme Court of Justice and who legally was for the presidency in a case like this.
The rebellion led to the War of Three years or War of Reform, among conservatives who know the constitution and the liberals who defended it. In the end, the Liberals, led by Benito Juárez, triumphed. In the course of the war, it issued a series of systems known and Law Reform, among which are those that establish the separation of Church and State.
The Constitution of 1857 was, in fact, a fundamental element in the national defense against French invasion and the empire of Maximilian of Hapsburg. Was fully effective after the expulsion of foreigners and remained in force until 1917.
Main provisions of the liberal constitution promulgated on February 5, 1857.
* Mexico was established as a Republic, Representative, People's Federal.
* It adopts the principle of separation of powers.
* Freedoms are recognized Education and guarantees of liberty, property, security and Popular Sovereignty.
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